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Steel casting

Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel. Steel castings are used when cast irons cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks.

Steel castings are categorized into two general groups: carbon steels and alloy steels.

Steel castability

Steel is more difficult to cast than iron. It has a higher melting point and greater shrinkage rate, which requires consideration during mold design. Risers should be given more capacity to draw from as the metal cools and shrinks. Attention should be paid to the thickness of mold cavities, as thinner areas will cool quicker than thicker areas, which can create internal stress points that can lead to fracture.
Molten steel is also less fluid than molten iron, making it more difficult to pour and fill intricate gaps in a mold cavity. Molten steel is also more likely to react with internal mold surfaces, making for more unpredictable results.

Machinability 

Cast parts often require machining to achieve accurate tolerances and desired surface finishes. Carbon steel is the easiest type of steel to machine. High-carbon steel can be more time consuming to cut or grind, and will wear tools faster. Low-carbon steel can get gummy, making it difficult to work with.
Generally, the presence of alloys used to increase mechanical performance often make machining more difficult.

Damping ability

Casting is often a valuable means to creating intricate parts used in machine applications where vibration is often a factor. Cast steel typically has a lower damping ability than cast iron, which can lead to excess vibration and noise in the form of ringing or squealing.

Impact and wear resistance

Most steels offer a good balance of strength and ductility, which makes them extremely tough. This allows them to withstand significant stress and strain without fracturing. Steel can also be fairly wear-resistant. Alloy additions can increase both impact and wear resistance.

Steel casting alloys

Alloy steel castings are broken down into two categories: low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. Low-alloy steels contain less than 8% alloying content and high-alloy steels have 8% or more.

This is a table of some steel casting alloys:


Heat resistant steel castings per ASTM A297-1981

Grade

Nominal alloy composition [%wt]

Tensile strength, minimum

0.2% Yield strength, minimum

% Elongation in 2 in., minimum

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

HC

28 Cr

55

380

-

-

-

HD

28 Cr, 5 Ni

75

515

35

240

8

HF

19 Cr, 9 Ni

70

485

35

240

25

HH

25 Cr, 12 Ni

75

515

35

240

10

HI

28 Cr, 15 Ni

70

485

35

240

10

HK

25 Cr, 20 Ni

65

450

35

240

10

HL

29 Cr, 20 Ni

65

450

35

240

10

HN

20 Cr, 25 Ni

63

435

-

-

8

HP

26 Cr, 35 Ni

62.5

430

34

235

4.5

HT

15 Cr, 35 Ni

65

450

-

-

4

HU

19 Cr, 39 Ni

65

450

-

-

4

HW

12 Cr, 60 Ni

60

415

-

-

-

HX

17 Cr, 66 Ni

60

415

-

-

-

 

Corrosion resistant steel castings per ASTM A743-1981a[5]

Grade

Nominal alloy composition [%wt]

Tensile strength, minimum

0.2% Yield strength, minimum

% Elongation in 2 in., minimum

 

 

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

 

CF-8

9 Cr, 9 Ni

70

485

30

205

35

CG-12

22 Cr, 12 Ni

70

485

28

195

35

CF-20

19 Cr, 9 Ni

70

485

30

205

30

CF-8M

19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo

70

485

30

205

30

CF-8C

19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Nb

70

485

30

205

30

CF-16 & CF-16Fa

19 Cr, 9 Ni, free machining

70

485

30

205

25

CH-10 & CH-20

25 Cr, 12 Ni

70

485

30

205

30

CK-20

25 Cr, 20 Ni

65

450

28

195

30

CE-30

29 Cr, 9 Ni

80

550

40

275

10

CA-15 & CA-15M

12 Cr

90

620

65

450

18

CB-30

20 Cr

65

450

30

205

-

CC-50

28 Cr

55

380

-

-

-

CA-40

12 Cr

100

690

70

485

15

CF-3

19 Cr, 9 Ni

70

485

30

205

35

CF-3M

19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo

70

485

30

205

30

CG6MMN

Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo

75

515

35

240

30

CG-8M

19 Cr, 11 Ni, with Mo

75

520

35

240

25

CN-7M

20 Cr, 29 Ni, with Co & Mo

62

425

25

170

35

CN-7MS

19 Cr, 24 Ni, with Co & Mo

70

485

30

205

35

CW-12M

Ni, Mo & Cr

72

495

46

315

4

CY-40

Ni, Cr & Fe

70

485

28

195

30

CA-6NM

12 Cr, 4 Ni

110

775

80

550

15

CD-4MCu

25 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Cu, 2 Mo

100

690

70

485

16

CA-6N

 

140

 

135

930

15

CE-30

29 Cr, 9 Ni

80

550

40

275

10

CA-15 & CA-15M

12 Cr

90

620

65

450

18

CB-30

20 Cr

65

450

30

205

-

CC-50

28 Cr

55

380

-

-

-

CA-40

12 Cr

100

690

70

485

15

CF-3

19 Cr, 9 Ni

70

485

30

205

35

CF-3M

19 Cr, 10 Ni, with Mo

70

485

30

205

30

CG6MMN

Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo

75

515

35

240

30

CG-8M

19 Cr, 11 Ni, with Mo

75

520

35

240

25

CN-7M

20 Cr, 29 Ni, with Co & Mo

62

425

25

170

35

CN-7MS

19 Cr, 24 Ni, with Co & Mo

70

485

30

205

35

CW-12M

Ni, Mo & Cr

72

495

46

315

4

CY-40

Ni, Cr & Fe

70

485

28

195

30

CA-6NM

12 Cr, 4 Ni

110

775

80

550

15

CD-4MCu

25 Cr, 5 Ni, 3 Cu, 2 Mo

100

690

70

485

16

CA-6N

11 Cr, 7 Ni

140

965

135

930

15

 

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